ABSTRACT
This study aims to confirm the flypaper effect phenomenon and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on local own-source revenue (LOR), general allocation fund (GAF), and local government financing on local government expenditure in Indonesia. The research used a quantitative method, while the sample was data on regional government budget (RGB) realization in 335 local governments in 2019 – 2020. The data were analyzed using Moderating Regression Analysis. The study found that there was a flypaper effect phenomenon that encouraged the local governments to use GAF, instead of LOR for their local expenditure. The GAF and local government expenditures were higher during the Covid-19 period. To overcome the flypaper effect phenomenon, the central government is advised to improve the GAF policy by setting priorities for its use. Local governments must encourage micro, small, and medium enterprises to help support LOR. This study proves there exists the phenomenon of the flypaper effect in developing countries that implement the presidential system (republic) and provide substantial empirical evidence on government spending policies during crisis and non-crisis (Covid-19). © 2022, University of Rijeka. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective The goal of this study is to compile published data reporting neurological immune-related adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination, not including those relating to hematologic abnormalities such as thrombosis or hemorrhage. Background COVID-19 vaccination has been repeatedly shown to reduce the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection. The expedited timeline of these vaccines has given rise to many discussions pertaining to their safety. Many neurological and non-neurological adverse events have been linked to COVID-19 vaccination including acute MI, anaphylaxis, appendicitis, Bell's palsy, deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and many others. Design/Methods The following databases were searched in April 2021 using different keywords: PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Science, Direct, MedRxiv, and Lens.org. Studies were included if they reported any adverse immune-related neurological events secondary to COVID-19 vaccination. Studies were excluded if they were not in English, included self-reported events only, or did not report primary data. Screening and extraction were conducted by 2 different reviewers using Covidence. Results The search strategy yielded 18 studies which reported a total of 61 patients who had received a COVID-19 vaccination and experienced = 1 neurological adverse events. Most reported adverse events were facial nerve palsy (52.5%), reactivation of herpes zoster (11.5%), Guillian-Barre syndrome (6.6%), demyelinating disease (6.6%), and neuropathy (11.5%). Other reported adverse effects were delirium, periauricular vesicular rash, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, visual disturbance, gait disturbance, serotonin syndrome, and vestibular ataxia (16.4%). Conclusions The symptoms were time-limited and self-resolving in nature. In addition, the incidence of the reported events following COVID-19 vaccination compared to the general population is similar. Hence, there is little to no evidence suggesting a causal relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and neurological adverse events.